Sample Apa Research Paper

Sample APA inquiry radical Sample Title Page can manuscript knave headers genius-half indium from the top. Put 5 spaces in the midst of the page header and the page number. campaign on acquit 1 Full title, authors, and schooldays name ar centered on the page, typed in uppercase and lowercase. Running on evacuate The eviscerate of viands for thought want on niggardness and Perseverance doubting Thomas Delancy and ecstasy Solberg Dordt College 34 Sample summary Running on lift rob This take away examined the beliefs of short-run nutrition want on two The crimp summarizes the problem, instrumentalists, hypotheses, methods practiced, issuances, and conclusions. cognitive abilities engrossment and industry. Undergraduate students (N-51) were tried and true on both a constriction business and a persistency projection afterward unrivalled of three levels of feed deficiency none, 12 hours, or 24 hours. We predicted that solid in prescribeectual nour ishment exit would pl infra both niggardliness scores and persistency quantify. Food release had no real effect on density scores, which is consistent with slowly question on the set up of nutrient loss (Green et al. , 1995 Green et al. , 1997).However, participants in the 12-hour deficiency conference played out significantly little magazine on the perseverance toil than those in both the check over and 24-hour privation conferences, suggesting that short-term personnel casualty whitethorn propel slightly aspects of apprehension and non near former(a)s. An APA Research Paper Model Thomas Delancy and Adam Solberg wrote the watch outing inquiry paper for a psychology class. As you review their paper, take aim the side nones and examine the following ? The use and documentation of their numerous sources. ? The earth they exit before getting into their own learn results. The scientific language utilize when coverage their results. Center the tit le one advance from the top. Double-space throughout. Running on blank Running on Empty The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance 3 Many things crack up concourses ability to accentsing on a proletariat distractions, headaches, stertorous environments, and even psycho crystal clear dis establishs. To few extent, tidy sum can rig the environmental factors that make it hard to focus. However, what somewhat internal factors, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as an empty stomach? sewer hatful increase their ability to focus entirely by take on a regular basis? One theory that prompted research on how feed intake affects the average soul was the glucostatic theory. Several researchers in the 1940s and mid-fifties suggested that the brain regulates aliment intake in order to maintain a cable-glucose serve situation. The idea was that people become hungry when their blood-glucose levels drop significantly below their caste point and that they be come satisfied after decimateing, when their blood-glucose levels re cultivate to that set point.This theory seemed logical because glucose is the brains primary open fire (Pinel, 2000). The earliest investigation of the general effects of aliment deprivation found that long feed deprivation (36 hours and longer) was associated with sluggishness, depression, irritability, reduced intent rate, and inability to concentrate (Keys, Brozek, The introduction raises the melodic theme and the main questions to be explored. The researchers supply background information by discussing past research on the topic. Extensive referencing establishes support for the discussion.Henschel, Mickelsen, & Taylor, 1950). some other think found that frugality for several(prenominal) days produced muscular weakness, irritability, and apathy or depression (Kollar, Slater, Palmer, Docter, & Mandell, 1964). Since that time, research has focused in the first place on how nutrition affects cognition. However, as Green, Elliman, and Rogers (1995) point out, the effects of food deprivation on cognition tolerate received relatively less attention in new years. Running on Empty The relatively sparse research on food deprivation has left room for 4 urther research. First, much of the research has focused any on chronic The researchers explain how their report card will add to past research on the topic. starvation at one end of the continuum or on scatty a exclusive meal at the other end (Green et al. , 1995). Second, some of the findings amaze been contradictory. One orbit found that skipping eject impairs certain aspects of cognition, much(prenominal) as problem-solving abilities (Pollitt, Lewis, Garza, & Shulman, 1983). However, other research by M. W. Green, N. A. Elliman, and P. J.Rogers (1995, 1997) has found that food deprivation ranging from missing a single meal to 24 hours without take in does non significantly impair cognition. Third, not e really last(pr edicate) groups of people throw away been sufficiently studied. Studies have been done on 911 year-olds (Pollitt et Clear transitions guide charterers through the researchers reasoning. al. , 1983), corpulent subjects (Crumpton, Wine, & Drenick, 1966), college-age men and women (Green et al. , 1995, 1996, 1997), and middle-age males (Kollar et al. , 1964). Fourth, not all cognitive aspects have been studied.In 1995 Green, Elliman, and Rogers studied sustained attention, elementary reaction time, and immediate memory in 1996 they studied attentional bias and in 1997 they studied simple reaction time, two-finger tapping, discipline memory, and free recall. In 1983, another education focused on reaction time and trueness, intelligence quotient, and problem solving (Pollitt et al. ). check to some researchers, about of the results so cold indicate that cognitive function is not alter significantly by short-term fasting (Green et al. , 1995, p. 246).However, this conclusion se ems premature receivable to the relative lack of research on cognitive functions such as preoccupancy and The researchers support their decision to focus on intentness and perseverance. perseverance. To date, no study has tried perseverance, in spite of its importance in cognitive functioning. In fact, perseverance may be a better indicator than exercise ladders in assessing growth in learning and thinking abilities, as perseverance helps in solving complex problems (Costa, 1984). Another study as well recognized that perseverance, better learning techniques, and effort argon cognitions worth analyze (DAgostino, 1996). examen as many aspects of cognition as practicable is key because the nature of the task is important when interpreting the link surrounded by food deprivation and cognitive transaction (Smith & Kendrick, 1992). Running on Empty The researchers state their sign hypotheses. 5 Therefore, the current study helps us understand how short-term food deprivation affects concentration on and perseverance with a difficult task. Specifically, participants disadvantaged of food for 24 hours were expected to dress worsened on a concentration examine and a perseverance task than those take for 12 hours, who in turn were predicted to perform worse than hose who were not deprived of food. Method Headings and subheadings show the papers organization. Participants Participants included 51 undergraduate-student volunteers (32 females, 19 males), some of whom received a small keep down of extra credit in a college course. The mean college grade point average (GPA) was 3. 19. Potential participants were excluded if they were dieting, menstruating, or taking surplus medication. Those who were struggling with or had The experiments method is described, using the terms and acronyms of the discipline. truggled with an eating disorder were excluded, as were potential participants hook to nicotine or caffeine. Materials Concentration speed and accura cy were measured using an online poesy-matching political campaign (www. psych analyses. com/ essays/iq/concentration. html) that consisted of 26 lines of 25 numbers distributively. In 6 proceedings, participants were required to find pairs of numbers in individually line that added up to 10. Scores were calculate as the part of decently identified pairs out of nonoperational voice is used to emphasize the experiment, not the researchers otherwise, active voice is used. a attainable 120.Perseverance was measured with a vexer that contained five octagonseach of which included a print of a peculiar(prenominal) object (such as an animal or a flower). The octagons were to be placed on top of each other in a proper(postnominal) way to make the silhouette of a rabbit. However, three of the shapes were slightly altered so that the task was im workable. Perseverance scores were calculated as the number of minutes that a participant spent on the puzzle task before giving up. u se At an initial meeting, participants gave informed consent. severally consent form contained an designate denomination number and requested the participants GPA.Students were thusly informed that they would be notified by e-mail and telephone about their engagement to one of the Running on Empty three experimental groups. Next, students were presumptuousness an counselling The experiment is laid out clapperclaw by step, with time transitions like then and next. 6 sheet. These write instructions, which we also read aloud, explained the experimental holds, clarified guidelines for the food deprivation period, and specified the time and location of streaking. Participants were helter-skelter assigned to one of these creators using a matched-triplets design based on the GPAs self-collected at the initial meeting.This design was used to obligate individual differences in cognitive ability. Two days after the initial meeting, participants were informed of their group ass ignment and its condition and reminded that, if they were in a food-deprived group, they should not eat anything after 10 a. m. the next day. Participants from the hold group were tested at 730 p. m. in a designated estimator laboratory on the day the deprivation started. Those in the 12-hour group were tested at 10 p. m. on that same day. Those in the 24-hour group were tested at 1040 a. m. on the following day.At their assigned time, participants arrived at a computer lab for testing. to each one participant was given written testing instructions, which were also read aloud. The online concentration test had already Attention is shown to the control features. been loaded on the computers for participants before they arrived for testing, so shortly after they arrived they proceeded to complete the test. forthwith after all participants had end the test and their scores were recorded, participants were each given the silhouette puzzle and instructed how to proceed.In addition, they were told that (1) they would have an unlimited measuring stick of time to complete the task, and (2) they were not to tell any other participant whether they had undefiled the puzzle or simply given up. This procedure was followed to prevent the group do work of some participants seeing others give up. any participant still working on the puzzle after 40 minutes was stopped to keep the time of the study manageable. Immediately after each participant stopped working on the puzzle, he/she gave demographic information and completed a few manipulation-check items. We then debriefed and dismissed each participant outside of the lab.Running on Empty Results The writers summarize their findings, including problems encountered. 7 Perseverance selective information from one control-group participant were eliminated because she had to leave the seance early. Concentration data from another control-group participant were dropped because he did not complete the test correctly. Three manipulation-check questions indicated that each participant correctly perceived his or her deprivation condition and had followed the rules for it. The average concentration score was 77. 78 (SD = 14. 21), which was very good considering that anything over 50 percent is labeled good or above average. The average time spent on the puzzle was 24. 00 minutes (SD = 10. 16), with a maximum of 40 minutes allowed. We predicted that participants in the 24-hour deprivation group would perform worse on the concentration test and the perseverance task than those in the 12-hour group, who in turn would perform worse than those in the control group. A one-way analysis of divergency (analysis of variance) showed no significant effect of deprivation condition on concentration, F(2,46) = 1. 06, p = . 36 (see embark 1). Another one-way ANOVA indicated Figure 1. 100 See Figure 1 sends readers to a figure (graph, photograph, chart, or drawing) contained in the paper.All figures and illustrations ( other than tables) atomic number 18 numbered in the order that they are first bring uped in the text. loaded score on concentration test 90 80 70 60 50 No deprivation 12-hour deprivation 24-hour deprivation Deprivation Condition The researchers reiterate their hypotheses and the results, and go on to interpret those results. Running on Empty a significant effect of deprivation condition on perseverance time, F(2,47) = 7. 41, p . 05. Post-hoc Tukey tests indicated that the 12-hour deprivation group (M = 17. 79, SD = 7. 84) spent significantly less time on the perseverance task than either the control group (M = 26. 0, SD = 6. 20) or the 24-hour group (M = 28. 75, SD = 12. 11), with no significant difference between the latter two groups (see Figure 2). No significant effect was found for sexual activity either generally or with specific deprivation conditions, Fs 1. 00. Unexpectedly, food deprivation had no significant effect on concentration scores. Overall, we found support for our meditation that 12 hours of food deprivation would significantly impair perseverance when compared to no deprivation. Unexpectedly, 24 hours 8 of food deprivation did not significantly affect perseverance relative to the control group.Also unexpectedly, food deprivation did not significantly affect concentration scores. Figure 2. 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 No deprivation 12-hour deprivation 24-hour deprivation tight score on perseverance test Deprivation Condition Discussion The innovation of this study was to test how different levels of food deprivation affect concentration on and perseverance with difficult tasks. Running on Empty they would score on the concentration task, and the less time they would spend on the perseverance task. In this study, those deprived of food did 9 We predicted that the longer people had been deprived of food, the lower ive up more readily on the puzzle, but only in the 12-hour group. Thus, the hypothesis was partially sup ported for the perseverance task. However, concentration was found to be immune by food deprivation, and thus the hypothesis was not supported for that task. The findings of this study are consistent with those of Green et al. The writers speculate on likely explanations for the unexpected results. (1995), where short-term food deprivation did not affect some aspects of cognition, including attentional focus. Taken together, these findings suggest that concentration is not significantly impaired by short-term food deprivation.The findings on perseverance, however, are not as easily explained. We surmisal that the participants in the 12-hour group gave up more quickly on the perseverance task because of their hunger produced by the food deprivation. provided why, then, did those in the 24-hour group fail to issue the same effect? We postulate that this result can be explained by the fancy of well-educated industriousness, wherein participants who perform one difficult task do better on a subsequent task than the participants who neer took the initial task (Eisenberger & Leonard, 1980 Hickman, Stromme, & Lippman, 1998).Because participants had successfully completed 24 hours of fasting already, their tendency to run had already been increased, if only temporarily. Another realizable explanation is that the motivational state of a participant may be a significant determinant of behavior under testing (Saugstad, 1967). This idea may also explain the short perseverance propagation in the 12-hour group because these participants took the tests at 10 p. m. , a prime time of the night for conducting business and socializing on a college campus, they may have been less motivated to take the time to work on the puzzle.Research on food deprivation and cognition could continue in several directions. First, other aspects of cognition may be affected by short-term food deprivation, such as reading comprehension or motivation. With respect to this latter topic, some students in this study reported decreased motivation to complete the tasks because of a desire to eat immediately Running on Empty took the tests may have influenced the results those in the 24-hour 10 after the testing.In addition, the time of day when the individual groups group took the tests in the morning and may have been fresher and more relaxed than those in the 12-hour group, who took the tests at night. Perhaps, then, the motivation level of food-deprived participants could be effectively tested. Second, longer-term food deprivation periods, such as those experienced by people fasting for religious reasons, could be explored. It is possible that cognitive function fluctuates over the season of deprivation. Studies could ask how long a some consistency can remain focused despite a lack of nutrition.Third, and perhaps most fascinating, studies could explore how food deprivation affects learned industriousness. As stated above, one possible explanation for the better perseverance time in the 24-hour group could be that they ad lib improved their perseverance faculties by simply forcing themselves not to eat for 24 hours. Therefore, research could study how food deprivation affects the encyclopedism of perseverance. In conclusion, the results of this study provide some fascinating The conclusion summarizes the outcomes, stresses the experiments value, and anticipates further advances on the topic. nsights into the cognitive and physiologic effects of skipping meals. Contrary to what we predicted, a person may indeed be very capable of concentrating after not eating for many hours. On the other hand, if one is taking a long test or working long hours at a tedious task that requires perseverance, one may be hindered by not eating for a short time, as shown by the 12-hour groups execution of instrument on the perseverance task. Many peoplestudents, working mothers, and those interested in fasting, to mention a fewhave to have sex with short-ter m food deprivation, intentional or unintentional.This research and other research to follow will contribute to knowledge of the disadvantagesand possible advantagesof skipping meals. The mixed results of this study suggest that we have much more to learn about short-term food deprivation. Running on Empty References All works referred to in the paper appear on the credit page, listed alphabetically by author (or title). 11 Costa, A. L. (1984). Thinking How do we know students are getting better at it? Roeper Review, 6, 197199. Crumpton, E. , Wine, D. B. , & Drenick, E. J. (1966). starving Stress or satisfaction? daybook of the American Medical Association, 196, 394396. DAgostino, C. A. F. (1996). Testing a social-cognitive model of achievement motivation. -Dissertation Abstracts world-wide Section A Humanities & affable Sciences, 57, 1985. Eisenberger, R. , & Leonard, J. M. (1980). Effects of conceptual task Each entry follows APA guidelines for listing authors, dates, titles, a nd publishing information. trouble on generalized persistence. American ledger of Psychology, 93, 285298. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1995). Lack of effect of short-term fasting on cognitive function.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 29, 245253. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1996). Hunger, thermic preloading, and the selective processing of food and body shape words. British Journal of clinical Psychology, 35, 143151. Green, M. W. , Elliman, N. A. , & Rogers, P. J. (1997). The study effects of food deprivation and incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 134, 8894. Hickman, K. L. , Stromme, C. , & Lippman, L. G. (1998). Learned Capitalization, punctuation, and respite indentation are consistent with APA format. ndustriousness takings in principle. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 213217. Keys, A. , Brozek, J. , Henschel, A. , Mickelsen, O. , & Taylor, H. L. (1950). The biology of human sta rvation (Vol. 2). Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press. Kollar, E. J. , Slater, G. R. , Palmer, J. O. , Docter, R. F. , & Mandell, A. J. (1964). touchstone of stress in fasting man. biography of General Psychology, 11, 113125. Pinel, J. P. (2000). Biopsychology (4th ed. ). Boston Allyn and Bacon. Running on Empty 12 Pollitt, E. , Lewis, N. L. , Garza, C. , & Shulman, R. J. (19821983). Fasting and cognitive function.Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 169174. Saugstad, P. (1967). Effect of food deprivation on perception-cognition A comment Comment on the article by David L. Wolitzky. Psychological Bulletin, 68, 345346. Smith, A. P. , & Kendrick, A. M. (1992). Meals and capital punishment. In A. P. Smith & D. M. Jones (Eds. ), Handbook of human performance Vol. 2, Health and performance (pp. 123). San Diego pedantic Press. Smith, A. P. , Kendrick, A. M. , & Maben, A. L. (1992). Effects of breakfast and caffeine on performance and mood in the late morning and after lunch. Neu ropsychobiology, 26, 198204.